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UNIT 2 COMPLETED STUDY GUIDE
Boston Massacre
- Who did Jefferson get inspiration from to draft declaration of independence? John Locke
- WHAT DOCUMENT CHANGED PUBLIC OPINION FOR INDEPENDENCE Thomas Paine’s, “Common Sense”
- SOCIAL CONTRACT PRINCIPLES Rebel if denied basic rights
- Why did France help colonies? To weaken England
- Committees of Correspondence so the different colonies could exchange information about England's threats on their liberties
- SUGAR ACT-TAX ON SUGAR, MOLASSES, AND LUMBER
- Continental Army 1st Victory Trenton, NJ
- Continental Army low point Winter @ Valley Forge
- What event confirmed American Independence Treaty of Paris
- What event happened in protest to British Acts Boston Tea Party
- BOSTON TEA PARTY-dressed as Indians and dumped 3 million $ of tea into the harbor Samuel Adams was in charge
- INTOLERABLE ACTS-result of the Boston tea party (closed Boston harbor/no committees allowed) passed by Britain to punish after Boston Tea Party
- Stamp Act-Result of French and Indian War; tax on all printed paper
- Proclamation line of 1763-Kept the colonists from moving West past the Appalachian mountains; hated by the colonists
- French and Native Americans
vs.
British and Colonists
Causes: Rivalry between French/British; English/colonists want to move inland (French land)
- Townshend Acts-a new way to tax the colonies to pay the governors, judges, and army
- Sons of Liberty-group of unskilled workers who boycotted British goods and protested the British acts
Boston Massacre
- British soldiers were taking low class workers' jobs and they threw snowballs and rocks at them. Someone yelled fire and the British killed 5 colonists and injured 1. Major Propaganda
- 2nd continental congress response to the battles of Lexington and Concord
Formation of an army (official, not militia)
olive Branch petition- peace treaty to king George - Battle of Bunker Hill (breed's hill)- fight for control of Boston
British victory- heavy casualties, colonists success at head to head battle - Inalienable Rights- Rights set forth in the Declaration of Independence. John Locke came up with the rights and they were life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
- Loyalists- Government officials should be through the crown
supported the British - Patriots- Urban population- merchants
wanted independence from Britain
- Battle of Saratoga- turning point of the Revolution, colonists won
Result: Alliance with France, British stopped fighting battles in the West - Valley Forge- The colonists' second winter, it was very cold and they didn't have resources or supplies. Many soldiers deserted. There was a lot of death, hypothermia, and illness. Washington stayed with his troops and gave them morale
- Yorktown- British General- Cornwallis
American General- G.W.
French defeated British navy and blockaded Chesapeake Bay
British soldiers were in Yorktown on the Peninsula
Colonial army blocks the British from leaving the peninsula by land
Cornwallis surrendered
- Articles of Confederation- this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage strengths:
- est. national policies
- borrow and coin money
- create an army
- declare war
weaknesses:
- no trade control
- couldn't tax
- no executive power
- majority of states needed to do anything
- no court system
- no enforcement of laws
- Shay's Rebellion- this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes
- Checks and balances- Make sure no one branch has too much power. (Executive, judicial, and legislative)
- Bill of Rights- Protected colonists' rights
1-9: individual rights
10: states rights vs. federal rights
- Connecticut Compromise- the great compromise
At the Constitutional Convention, larger states wanted to follow the Virginia Plan, which based each state's representation in Congress on state population. Smaller states wanted to follow the New Jersey Plan, which gave every state the same number of representatives. The convention compromised by creating the House and the Senate, and using both of the two separate plans as the method for electing members of each.
- Constitutional Convention-The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.
- James Madison- The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812.
- Northwest Ordinance 1787- A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood
- Federalists- Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.
- Anti-Federalists- Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Included Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry.
- Alexander Hamilton- 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
- Thomas Jefferson- Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. Anti-Federalist
- Baron de Montesquieu- separation of powers
- Treaty of Paris- ends Revolution 1783 agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country
- Albany Plan of Union- Ben Franklin snake "join or die". colonists must unite to be successful
- Battle of Trenton- battle in which General Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas Day, 1776 in a sneak attack against Hessians
- Marquis de Lafayette- French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.
- Townshend Act- A 1767 tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea